{"id":8609,"date":"2025-06-11T09:59:16","date_gmt":"2025-06-11T09:59:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/not-all-microplastics-are-as-dangerous-as-we-thought-2\/"},"modified":"2025-06-13T09:15:58","modified_gmt":"2025-06-13T09:15:58","slug":"nie-su-vsetky-mikroplasty-take-nebezpecne-ako-sme-si-mysleli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/nie-su-vsetky-mikroplasty-take-nebezpecne-ako-sme-si-mysleli\/","title":{"rendered":"Nie s\u00fa v\u0161etky mikroplasty tak\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, ako sme si mysleli?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Plasty boli kedysi symbolom modern\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Dnes s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z najp\u00e1l\u010divej\u0161\u00edch environment\u00e1lnych probl\u00e9mov 21. storo\u010dia. Medzi mnoh\u00fdmi hrozbami, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa, mikroplasty \u2013 drobn\u00e9 \u00falomky plastu nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa v riekach, moriach a oce\u00e1noch \u2013 vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00e1\u017ene obavy o ich vplyv na \u013eudsk\u00e9 zdravie a environment\u00e1lne zdravie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mikroplasty vo vodnom prostred\u00ed neexistuj\u00fa izolovane. \u013dahko sa v nich hromadia biofilmy, \u010do s\u00fa komplexn\u00e9 spolo\u010denstv\u00e1 bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed a mikroorganizmov. T\u00e1to premena mikroplastov na mikr\u00f3bmi za\u0165a\u017een\u00e9 bunky vyvol\u00e1va obavy z mo\u017en\u00e9ho rozsiahleho \u0161\u00edrenia patog\u00e9nov. Tieto kontaminovan\u00e9 plastov\u00e9 \u010dastice by sa mohli dosta\u0165 zo sladkovodn\u00fdch zdrojov do oce\u00e1nov a potenci\u00e1lne prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do potravinov\u00e9ho re\u0165azca.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vny eur\u00f3psky v\u00fdskum v\u0161ak pon\u00faka prekvapiv\u00fd zvrat: slan\u00e1 voda zrejme funguje ako prirodzen\u00fd filter, ktor\u00fd br\u00e1ni mnoh\u00fdm sladkovodn\u00fdm patog\u00e9nom pre\u017ei\u0165 cestu do mora.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vedeck\u00e1 exped\u00edcia cez eur\u00f3pske rieky <\/p>\n

Aby t\u00edm franc\u00fazskych vedcov presk\u00famal, ako sa bakt\u00e9rie s\u00favisiace s mikroplastmi menia pri prechode zo sladkej do slanej vody, spustil ambici\u00f3znu sedemmesa\u010dn\u00fa v\u00fdskumn\u00fa<\/span> exped\u00edciu<\/span><\/a> . Plavili sa pozd\u013a\u017e deviatich najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch eur\u00f3pskych riek \u2013 vr\u00e1tane R\u00fdna a Seiny \u2013 a zbierali vzorky od \u00fast\u00ed riek a\u017e po oblasti tesne nad ve\u013ek\u00fdmi mestami, kde je \u013eudsk\u00fd vplyv na kvalitu vody intenz\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na ka\u017edom mieste t\u00edm odobral vzorky vody a fragmenty mikroplastov pomocou jemn\u00fdch sie\u0165ok. Zauj\u00edmalo ich najm\u00e4 to, ako slanos\u0165 \u2013 hladina soli vo vode \u2013 ovplyv\u0148uje mikrobi\u00e1lny \u017eivot na plaste.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aby sa v\u00fdskumn\u00edci ponorili e\u0161te hlb\u0161ie do vody, umiestnili do nej aj \u010dist\u00e9 k\u00fasky plastu (vyroben\u00e9 z polyetyl\u00e9nu, nylonu a polyoxymetyl\u00e9nu). Po mesiaci pl\u00e1vania boli tieto vzorky plastu vytiahnut\u00e9 a analyzovan\u00e9 na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 bakteri\u00e1lnej DNA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Boli prijat\u00e9 v\u0161etky prevent\u00edvne opatrenia, aby sa predi\u0161lo kontamin\u00e1cii. Mikroplasty boli sterilizovan\u00e9 alkoholom, n\u00e1stroje dezinfikovan\u00e9 a vzorky boli r\u00fdchlo zmrazen\u00e9 v tekutom dus\u00edku. Na identifik\u00e1ciu typov plastov aj mikr\u00f3bov, ktor\u00e9 na nich \u017eij\u00fa, sa potom pou\u017eilo najmodernej\u0161ie sekvenovanie DNA a infra\u010derven\u00e1 spektrometria.<\/span><\/p>\n

Slan\u00e1 voda ako mikrobi\u00e1lna bari\u00e9ra <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky prekvapili dokonca aj samotn\u00fdch v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov. Bakteri\u00e1lne spolo\u010denstv\u00e1 na mikroplastoch sa v\u00fdrazne l\u00ed\u0161ili v sladkovodnom, \u00fast\u00ed riek (kde sa rieky stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa s morom) a morskom prostred\u00ed. Sladkovodn\u00e9 plasty hostili ove\u013ea rozmanitej\u0161ie a po\u010detnej\u0161ie bakt\u00e9rie v porovnan\u00ed s t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v mori.<\/span><\/p>\n

E\u0161te pozoruhodnej\u0161ie je, \u017ee patog\u00e9nne bakt\u00e9rie ako<\/span> Aeromonas<\/span><\/i> ,<\/span> Acidovorax<\/span><\/i> ,<\/span> Arcobacter<\/span><\/i> a<\/span> Prevotella<\/span><\/i> sa na\u0161li iba v riekach, nie v slanej vode. V mori dominoval iba jeden typ patog\u00e9nu \u2013<\/span> Vibrio<\/span><\/i> . D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee neexistovali \u017eiadne d\u00f4kazy o tom, \u017ee by sa sladkovodn\u00e9 patog\u00e9ny dostali do morsk\u00e9ho prostredia prostredn\u00edctvom plastov.<\/span><\/p>\n

To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee slanos\u0165 funguje ako siln\u00fd pr\u00edrodn\u00fd filter, ktor\u00fd takmer znemo\u017e\u0148uje pre\u017eitie mikr\u00f3bov \u017eij\u00facich v riekach v oce\u00e1ne. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci tento efekt nazvali<\/span> \u201e<\/b> siln\u00fdm selekt\u00edvnym tlakom\u201c \u2013 ak\u00fdmsi environment\u00e1lnym sitom, ktor\u00e9 obmedzuje \u0161\u00edrenie potenci\u00e1lne \u0161kodliv\u00fdch organizmov.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jedna znepokojuj\u00faca v\u00fdnimka <\/p>\n

Hoci v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina zisten\u00ed<\/span> bola<\/span><\/a> upokojuj\u00faca, existovala jedna v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 v\u00fdnimka. Vedci po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t identifikovali bakt\u00e9riu<\/span> Shewanella putrefaciens<\/span><\/i> \u017eij\u00facu na vzorke mikroplastov z rie\u010dnej vody. Hoci t\u00e1to bakt\u00e9ria nie je be\u017ene nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1, m\u00f4\u017ee u \u013eud\u00ed sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 \u010drevn\u00e9, ko\u017en\u00e9 a m\u00e4kk\u00e9 tkanivov\u00e9 infekcie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na\u0161\u0165astie<\/span> sa Shewanella<\/span><\/i> vo vzork\u00e1ch slanej vody nena\u0161la \u2013 \u010do op\u00e4\u0165 potvrdzuje ochrann\u00fa \u00falohu slanosti. \u010eal\u0161\u00ed zauj\u00edmav\u00fd poznatok? Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee typ plastu nehral ve\u013ek\u00fa \u00falohu v tom, ktor\u00e9 mikr\u00f3by ho kolonizovali. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina zozbieran\u00fdch mikroplastov bola vyroben\u00e1 z polyetyl\u00e9nu (45 %) a polypropyl\u00e9nu (12 %), ale bakt\u00e9rie zrejme nemali siln\u00e9 preferencie.<\/span><\/p>\n

Skor\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadie nazna\u010dovali, \u017ee r\u00f4zne typy plastov m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 tvorbu biofilmu, ale tento v\u00fdskum \u2013 zalo\u017een\u00fd na odbere vzoriek z re\u00e1lneho prostredia \u2013 t\u00fato s\u00favislos\u0165 nepotvrdil.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010co to znamen\u00e1 pre politiku E\u00da a plan\u00e9tu <\/p>\n

Tieto zistenia maj\u00fa okrem vedeckej zvedavosti aj d\u00f4sledky pre re\u00e1lny svet. Politiky Eur\u00f3pskej \u00fanie sa u\u017e zameriavaj\u00fa na zne\u010distenie plastmi, najm\u00e4 na mikroplasty. Nariadenia ako<\/span> REACH<\/span><\/a> (registr\u00e1cia, hodnotenie, autoriz\u00e1cia a obmedzovanie chemik\u00e1li\u00ed),<\/span> r\u00e1mcov\u00e1 smernica o vode (RSFD)<\/span><\/a> a<\/span> r\u00e1mcov\u00e1 smernica o morskej strat\u00e9gii (MSFD)<\/span><\/a> s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou pr\u00e1vnych n\u00e1strojov E\u00da na ochranu riek, jazier a mor\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd v\u00fdskum pon\u00faka siln\u00e9 vedeck\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy nazna\u010duj\u00face, \u017ee biofilmy na mikroplastoch m\u00f4\u017eu obsahova\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 mikr\u00f3by, hoci ich prenos medzi sladkou a slanou vodou sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 obmedzen\u00fd. Tieto zistenia s\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre v\u00fdvoj \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch environment\u00e1lnych strat\u00e9gi\u00ed zameran\u00fdch na zn\u00ed\u017eenie zne\u010distenia plastmi a ochranu verejn\u00e9ho zdravia.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00fdskumn\u00edci zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa, \u017ee je potrebn\u00fd \u010fal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum \u2013 najm\u00e4 v\u00edrusov a jednobunkov\u00fdch organizmov, ktor\u00e9 by mohli tie\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 plast ako dopravn\u00fd prostriedok. Pochopenie toho, ako pr\u00edliv a odliv, teplota alebo in\u00e9 faktory prostredia ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa tieto mikrobi\u00e1lne spolo\u010denstv\u00e1, je \u010fal\u0161ou k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou oblas\u0165ou v\u00fdskumu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pripomienka od vedy<\/b><\/h3>\n

Vo svete, kde plasty dosiahli aj tie najod\u013eahlej\u0161ie k\u00faty plan\u00e9ty, \u0161t\u00fadie ako t\u00e1to zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 vedeck\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu pri ochrane na\u0161ej bud\u00facnosti. Nielen\u017ee n\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00fa pochopi\u0165, \u010do sa deje, ale tie\u017e n\u00e1s vybavuj\u00fa na to, aby sme sa mohli rozumnej\u0161ie rozhodova\u0165 pre na\u0161e zdravie, ekosyst\u00e9my a politiky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hoci mikroplasty st\u00e1le predstavuj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fd environment\u00e1lny probl\u00e9m, je upokojuj\u00face vedie\u0165, \u017ee pr\u00edroda \u2013 konkr\u00e9tne \u0161tipka soli \u2013 by mohla pre na\u0161u ochranu robi\u0165 viac, ne\u017e sme si kedysi mysleli.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Plasty boli kedysi symbolom modern\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Dnes s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z najp\u00e1l\u010divej\u0161\u00edch environment\u00e1lnych probl\u00e9mov 21. storo\u010dia. Medzi mnoh\u00fdmi hrozbami, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa, mikroplasty \u2013 drobn\u00e9 \u00falomky plastu nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa v riekach, moriach a oce\u00e1noch \u2013 vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00e1\u017ene […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":158,"featured_media":7331,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,665,726],"tags":[666,667,668,669,670,671,672],"post_formats":[673],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-8609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-connecting-the-dots","category-spajanie-bodiek","category-technologia-sk","tag-bacteria-sk","tag-environment-sk","tag-microplastics-sk","tag-pathogens-sk","tag-rivers-sk","tag-salt-waters-sk","tag-scientific-research-sk","post_formats-clanky"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8609","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/158"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8609"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8609\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12054,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8609\/revisions\/12054"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7331"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8609"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8609"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8609"},{"taxonomy":"post_formats","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_formats?post=8609"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pulse-z.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=8609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}